# PAPER

TITLE:
This study demonstrated the differences between natural B. pertussis immune response and vaccine induced Immune response.

AUTHORS:
Davide Valentini, Giovanni Ferrara, Reza Advani, Hans O Hallander, Markus J Maeurer

ABSTRACT:
Pertussis (whooping cough) remains a public health problem despite extensive vaccination strategies. Better understanding of the host-pathogen interaction and the detailed B. pertussis (Bp) target recognition pattern will help in guided vaccine design. We characterized the specific epitope antigen recognition profiles of serum antibodies ('the reactome') induced by whooping cough and B. pertussis (Bp) vaccines from a case-control study conducted in 1996 in infants enrolled in a Bp vaccine trial in Sweden (Gustafsson, NEJM, 1996, 334, 349-355).


TITLE:
This study provides new evidence to confirm a significant relationship between exposure to thimerosal and increased diagnosis for delays in development.

ABSTRACT:
Epidemiological evidence suggests a link between mercury (Hg) exposure from Thimerosal-containing vaccines and specific delays in development. A hypothesis-testing longitudinal cohort study (n=49,835) using medical records in the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between exposure to Hg from Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccines (T-HBVs) administered at specific intervals in the first 6months of life and specific delays in development [International Classification of Disease, 9th revision (ICD-9): 315.xx] among children born between 1991 and 1994 and continuously enrolled from birth for at least 5.81years. Infants receiving increased Hg doses from T-HBVs administered within the first month, the first 2months, and the first 6months of life were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with specific delays in development than infants receiving no Hg doses from T-HBVs. During the decade in which T-HBVs were routinely recommended and administered to US infants (1991-2001), an estimated 0.5-1million additional US children were diagnosed with specific delays in development as a consequence of 25?g or 37.5?g organic Hg from T-HBVs administered within the first 6months of life. The resulting lifetime costs to the United States may exceed $1 trillion.


TITLE:
Antibody titers for all HPV strains were significantly higher among those with lower vitamin D levels and among younger participants.

AUTHORS:
Richard K Zimmerman, Chyongchiou Jeng Lin, Jonathan M Raviotta, Mary Patricia Nowalk

ABSTRACT:
In addition to its well-known effects on bone metabolism, vitamin D is an immunomodulating hormone. Serum vitamin D levels in males 18-25 years were measured at baseline, and HPV antibody titers were measured one month following the third quadrivalent HPV vaccine dose. Vitamin D levels were ? 30 ng/ml (normal) in 60 males and <30 ng/ml (low) in 113 males. Reverse cumulative distribution curves and scatter plots showed higher antibody titers with low vitamin D for all vaccine strains (P < 0.05). In linear regression analyses, antibody titers for all HPV strains were significantly higher among those with lower vitamin D levels and among younger participants (P < 0.05). These relationships add to the body of knowledge of the complex role of vitamin D in immunoregulation.


TITLE:
Vaccination Drives Changes in Metabolic and Virulence Profiles of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

AUTHORS:
Eleanor R Watkins, Bridget S Penman, JosÃ© Lourenco, Caroline O Buckee, Martin C J Maiden, Sunetra Gupta

ABSTRACT:
The bacterial pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus), is a leading cause of life-threatening illness and death worldwide. Available conjugate vaccines target only a small subset (up to 13) of >90 known capsular serotypes of S. pneumoniae and, since their introduction, increases in non-vaccine serotypes have been recorded in several countries: a phenomenon termed Vaccine Induced Serotype Replacement (VISR). Here, using a combination of mathematical modelling and whole genome analysis, we show that targeting particular serotypes through vaccination can also cause their metabolic and virulence-associated components to transfer through recombination to non-vaccine serotypes: a phenomenon we term Vaccine-Induced Metabolic Shift (VIMS). Our results provide a novel explanation for changes observed in the population structure of the pneumococcus following vaccination, and have important implications for strain-targeted vaccination in a range of infectious disease systems.


TITLE:
Both whole-cell and acellular pertussis vaccines are effective at reducing disease severity but not 4 transmission, resulting in outbreaks in vaccinated cohorts.

AUTHORS:
Shelly Bolotin, Eric T Harvill, Natasha S Crowcroft

ABSTRACT:
Pertussis (whooping cough) is a respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Despite the implementation of immunization programs and high vaccine coverage in most jurisdictions, pertussis is still one of the most common vaccine-preventable diseases, suggesting that the current vaccines and immunization schedules have not been sufficiently effective. Several factors are thought to contribute to this. The acellular pertussis vaccine that has been used in many jurisdictions since the 1990s is less effective than the previously used whole-cell vaccine, with immunity waning over time. Both whole-cell and acellular pertussis vaccines are effective at reducing disease severity but not transmission, resulting in outbreaks in vaccinated cohorts. In this review, we discuss various limitations of the current approaches to protection from pertussis and outline various options for reducing the burden of pertussis on a population level.


TITLE:
These results suggest that the immune pressure of vaccination is one major driving force for the evolution of B. pertussis.

AUTHORS:
Yinghua Xu, Bin Liu, Kirsi GrÃ¶ndahl-Yli-Hannuksila, YaJun Tan, Lu Feng, Teemu Kallonen, Lichan Wang, Ding Peng, Qiushui He, Lei Wang, Shumin Zhang

ABSTRACT:
Herd immunity can potentially induce a change of circulating viruses. However, it remains largely unknown that how bacterial pathogens adapt to vaccination. In this study, Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, was selected as an example to explore possible effect of vaccination on the bacterial pathogen. We sequenced and analysed the complete genomes of 40 B. pertussis strains from Finland and China, as well as 11 previously sequenced strains from the Netherlands, where different vaccination strategies have been used over the past 50 years. The results showed that the molecular clock moved at different rates in these countries and in distinct periods, which suggested that evolution of the B. pertussis population was closely associated with the country vaccination coverage. Comparative whole-genome analyses indicated that evolution in this human-restricted pathogen was mainly characterised by ongoing genetic shift and gene loss. Furthermore, 116 SNPs were specifically detected in currently circulating ptxP3-containing strains. The finding might explain the successful emergence of this lineage and its spread worldwide. Collectively, our results suggest that the immune pressure of vaccination is one major driving force for the evolution of B. pertussis, which facilitates further exploration of the pathogenicity of B. pertussis.


TITLE:
Highly increased levels of IgE antibodies to vaccine components in children with influenza vaccine-associated anaphylaxis.

AUTHORS:
Mizuho Nagao, Takao Fujisawa, Toshiaki Ihara, Yoichiro Kino

ABSTRACT:
Influenza vaccines produced in embryonated eggs might pose a risk to patients with egg allergy. However, patients experiencing influenza vaccine-associated anaphylaxis (IVA) do not always have egg allergy. In the 2011-2012 season, an unusually high incidence of IVA was reported in Japan.


TITLE:
Bordetella pertussis strains that are pertactin negative have a greater ability of to colonize acellular vaccine immunised mice.

AUTHORS:
Azadeh Safarchi, Sophie Octavia, Laurence Don Wai Luu, Chin Yen Tay, Vitali Sintchenko, Nicholas Wood, Helen Marshall, Peter Mcintyre, Ruiting Lan

ABSTRACT:
Whooping cough or pertussis is a highly infectious respiratory disease in humans caused by Bordetella pertussis. The use of acellular vaccines (ACV) has been associated with the recent resurgence of pertussis in developed countries including Australia despite high vaccination coverage where B. pertussis strains that do not express pertactin (Prn), a key antigenic component of the ACV, have emerged and become prevalent. In this study, we used an in vivo competition assay in mice immunised with ACV and in naïve (control) mice to compare the proportion of colonisation with recent clinical Prn positive and Prn negative B. pertussis strains from Australia. The Prn negative strain colonised the respiratory tract more effectively than the Prn positive strain in immunised mice, out-competing the Prn positive strain by day 3 of infection. However, in control mice, the Prn positive strain out-competed the Prn negative strain. Our findings of greater ability of Prn negative strains to colonise ACV-immunised mice are consistent with reports of selective advantage for these strains in ACV-immunised humans.


TITLE:
A patient that had received 2 doses of MMR vaccine developed measles after being exposed in the setting of a hospital waiting room.

AUTHORS:
Amanda Kamali, Chhandasi P Bagchi, Emmanuel Mendoza, Dulmini Wilson, Benjamin Schwartz, Laurene Mascola

ABSTRACT:
On February 14, 2015, patient A, aged 17 years, was seen in an emergency department for evaluation of reactive airway disease. In the waiting room at the same time were two siblings, aged 6 months, presenting with fever and rash; these two children (patients B and C) were later confirmed to have measles. Patient A began a 5-day course of oral prednisone (50 mg per day); however, symptoms continued, and patient A returned to the emergency department the next day and received 125 mg of intravenous (IV) methylprednisolone. Patient A had documentation of receipt of 2 doses of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine at ages 12 months and 4 years.


TITLE:
The study results can be interpreted as a partial genetic escape of pathogenic strains of B. pertussis beyond the reach of the pertussis vaccines.

AUTHORS:
J Zavadilova, D Lzicarova, M Musilek, P Kfizova, K Fabianova

ABSTRACT:
Comparison of antigenic structures of Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) strains isolated from 1967 to 2010 in the Czech Republic.


TITLE:
Up-to-date children were exposed to 11-26% more aluminum from vaccines than undervaccinated children between 2004 and 2011.

AUTHORS:
Jason M Glanz, Sophia R Newcomer, Matthew F Daley, David L McClure, Roger P Baxter, Michael L Jackson, Allison L Naleway, Marlene M Lugg, Frank DeStefano

ABSTRACT:
In addition to antigens, vaccines contain small amounts of preservatives, adjuvants, and residual substances from the manufacturing process. Some parents have concerns about the safety of these ingredients, yet no large epidemiological studies have specifically examined associations between health outcomes and vaccine ingredients, other than thimerosal. This study examined the extent to which the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) could be used to study vaccine ingredient safety in children.


TITLE:
Pathogen adaptation has contributed to the resurgence of pertussis.

AUTHORS:
Marieke J Bart, Han GJ van der Heide, Anne Zeddeman, Kees Heuvelman, Marjolein van Gent, Frits R Mooi

ABSTRACT:
Pathogen adaptation has contributed to the resurgence of pertussis. To facilitate our understanding of this adaptation we report here 11 completely closed and annotated Bordetella pertussis genomes representing the pandemic ptxP3 lineage. Our analyses included six strains which do not produce the vaccine components pertactin and/or filamentous hemagglutinin.


TITLE:
This patient developed optic neuritis about five days after being given a dose of MMR vaccine.

AUTHORS:
Chiara De Giacinto, Elvira Guaglione, Pia E Leon, Rossella D'Aloisio, Odilla Vattovani, Giuseppe Ravalico, Daniele Tognetto

ABSTRACT:
To report a case of unilateral optic neuritis following Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccination.


TITLE:
This review finds no reasonable evidence to support the vaccination of healthcare workers to prevent influenza in older people.

ABSTRACT:
A systematic review found that 3% of working adults who had received influenza vaccine and 5% of those who were unvaccinated had laboratory-proven influenza per season; in healthcare workers (HCWs) these percentages were 5% and 8% respectively. Healthcare workers may transmit influenza to patients.


TITLE:
A 13-year-old girl developed immune thrombocytopenic purpura following vaccination with a quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine.

AUTHORS:
Mojca Bizjak, Or Bruck, Darja Kanduc, Sonja Praprotnik, Yehuda Shoenfeld

ABSTRACT:
A 13-year-old girl developed immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and concomitant positive antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) following vaccination with a quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. During the course of a disease, she developed clinical manifestation with bleeding and she was treated with intravenous immunoglobulins. Consequently, the number of her platelets remained critically low and she was put on corticosteroids and rituximab. Since then, her platelet count remain within the normal range, but her aPL are still present.


TITLE:
Adverse ocular effects of vaccination have been reported.

ABSTRACT:
Vaccinations are very effective measures for prevention of infections but are also associated with a long list of possible side effects. Adverse ocular effects following vaccination have been rarely reported or considered to be related to vaccinations. Conjunctivitis is a frequent sequel of various vaccinations. Oculorespiratory syndrome and serum sickness syndrome are considered to be related to influenza vaccinations. The risk of reactivation or initiation of autoimmune diseases (e.?g. uveitis) cannot be excluded but has not yet been proven. Overall the benefit of vaccination outweighs the possible but very low risk of ocular side effects.


TITLE:
A case report of a 5-year-old, fully immunized boy with PCR proven consecutive B. pertussis and B. parapertussis infections.

ABSTRACT:
We describe a 5-year-old, fully immunized boy with polymerase chain reaction-proven consecutive Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis infections causing typical whooping cough at the age of 2 and 5 years, respectively. Neither pertussis immunization nor disease provides reliable immunity against further episodes of whooping cough.


TITLE:
This case of acute pancreatitis after HPV vaccination is not a novel entity.

AUTHORS:
Mojca Bizjak, Or Bruck, Sonja Praprotnik, Shani Dahan, Yehuda Shoenfeld

ABSTRACT:
A 20-year-old man developed severe abdominal pain 1 week after being vaccinated with the first dose of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine (Gardasil


TITLE:
Gardasil via its Al adjuvant and HPV antigens has the ability to trigger neuroinflammation and autoimmune reactions.

AUTHORS:
Rotem Inbar, Ronen Weiss, Lucija Tomljenovic, Maria-Teresa Arango, Yael Deri, Christopher A Shaw, Joab Chapman, Miri Blank, Yehuda Shoenfeld

ABSTRACT:
Vaccine adjuvants and vaccines may induce autoimmune and inflammatory manifestations in susceptible individuals. To date most human vaccine trials utilize aluminum (Al) adjuvants as placebos despite much evidence showing that Al in vaccine-relevant exposures can be toxic to humans and animals. We sought to evaluate the effects of Al adjuvant and the HPV vaccine Gardasil versus the true placebo on behavioral and inflammatory parameters in female mice. Six-week-old C57BL/6 female mice were injected with either, Gardasil, Gardasil + pertussis toxin (Pt), Al hydroxide, or, vehicle control in amounts equivalent to human exposure. At 7.5 months of age, Gardasil and Al-injected mice spent significantly more time floating in the forced swimming test (FST) in comparison with vehicle-injected mice (Al, p = 0.009; Gardasil, p = 0.025; Gardasil + Pt, p = 0.005). The increase in floating time was already highly significant at 4.5 months of age for the Gardasil and Gardasil + Pt group (p ? 0.0001). No significant differences were observed in the number of stairs climbed in the staircase test which measures locomotor activity. These results indicate that differences observed in the FST were unlikely due to locomotor dysfunction, but rather due to depression. Moreover, anti-HPV antibodies from the sera of Gardasil and Gardasil + Pt-injected mice showed cross-reactivity with the mouse brain protein extract. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed microglial activation in the CA1 area of the hippocampus of Gardasil-injected mice. It appears that Gardasil via its Al adjuvant and HPV antigens has the ability to trigger neuroinflammation and autoimmune reactions, further leading to behavioral changes.


TITLE:
This describes four cases of auto-immune reactions after tetanus vaccination.

AUTHORS:
N Ruhrman-Shahar, J Torres-Ruiz, P Rotman-Pikielny, Y Levy

ABSTRACT:
Autoimmune reaction after vaccination is sporadically reported in the medical literature. Vaccinations are generally safe and have an important role in eradicating endemic diseases worldwide. Nevertheless, the question arises as to whether there is a possibility of post-vaccination autoimmune phenomena. The anti-tetanus vaccine is being used since 1924, and it is part of the recommended immunization schedules for children. There are few reports of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and anti-phospholipid syndrome after anti-tetanus vaccination. Herein, we describe four cases, of which we believe, show a clear temporal relation between anti-tetanus vaccination and the appearance of dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes mellitus and anti-phospholipid syndrome. We also suggest some of the pathogenic mechanisms that promote a pathogenic autoimmune response.


TITLE:
Neonatal HBV vaccination of mice results in neurobehavioral impairments in early adulthood.

AUTHORS:
Junhua Yang, Fangfang Qi, Yang Yang, Qunfang Yuan, Juntao Zou, Kaihua Guo, Zhibin Yao

ABSTRACT:
The immune system plays a vital role in brain development. The hepatitis B vaccine (HBV) is administered to more than 70% of neonates worldwide. Whether this neonatal vaccination affects brain development is unknown. Newborn C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with HBV or phosphate-buffered saline. HBV induced impaired behavioral performances and hippocampal long-term potentiation at 8 weeks (w) of age without influence at 4 or 12w. At 6w, there was decreased neurogenesis, M1 microglial activation and a neurotoxic profile of neuroimmune molecule expression [increased tumor necrosis factor-? and reduced interferon (IFN)-?, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and insulin-like growth factor-1] in the hippocampus of the HBV-vaccinated mice. In the serum, HBV induced significantly higher levels of interleukin (IL)-4, indicating a T helper (Th)-2 bias. Moreover, the serum IFN-?/IL-4 ratio was positively correlated with the levels of neurotrophins and neurogenesis in the hippocampus at the individual level. These findings suggest that neonatal HBV vaccination of mice results in neurobehavioral impairments in early adulthood by inducing a proinflammatory and low neurotrophic milieu in the hippocampus, which follows the HBV-induced systemic Th2 bias.


TITLE:
Typhoid vaccination produced significant impairments in several measures of sleep continuity.

AUTHORS:
Ann L Sharpley, Charlotte M Cooper, Clare Williams, Beata R Godlewska, Philip J Cowen

ABSTRACT:
An increasing body of evidence links the occurrence of sleep continuity disturbances with increased inflammation and both sleep disturbances and inflammation are associated with clinical depression. Typhoid vaccination results in a mild inflammatory response that significantly increases levels of the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)-6.


TITLE:
Severe somatoform and dysautonomic syndromes after HPV vaccination: case series and review of literature.

AUTHORS:
Beniamino Palmieri, Dimitri Poddighe, Maria Vadala, Carmen Laurino, Carla Carnovale, Emilio Clementi

ABSTRACT:
Human papilloma virus (HPV) is recognized as a major cause for cervical cancer among women worldwide. Two HPV vaccines are currently available: Gardasil


TITLE:
Insight into the cellular fate and toxicity of aluminium adjuvants used in clinically approved human vaccinations.

AUTHORS:
Matthew Mold, Emma Shardlow, Christopher Exley

ABSTRACT:
Aluminium adjuvants remain the most widely used and effective adjuvants in vaccination and immunotherapy. Herein, the particle size distribution (PSD) of aluminium oxyhydroxide and aluminium hydroxyphosphate adjuvants was elucidated in attempt to correlate these properties with the biological responses observed post vaccination. Heightened solubility and potentially the generation of Al(3+) in the lysosomal environment were positively correlated with an increase in cell mortality in vitro, potentially generating a greater inflammatory response at the site of simulated injection. The cellular uptake of aluminium based adjuvants (ABAs) used in clinically approved vaccinations are compared to a commonly used experimental ABA, in an in vitro THP-1 cell model. Using lumogallion as a direct-fluorescent molecular probe for aluminium, complemented with transmission electron microscopy provides further insight into the morphology of internalised particulates, driven by the physicochemical variations of the ABAs investigated. We demonstrate that not all aluminium adjuvants are equal neither in terms of their physical properties nor their biological reactivity and potential toxicities both at the injection site and beyond. High loading of aluminium oxyhydroxide in the cytoplasm of THP-1 cells without immediate cytotoxicity might predispose this form of aluminium adjuvant to its subsequent transport throughout the body including access to the brain.


TITLE:
Yellow fever vaccine may be linked to neurological problems via a molecular mimicry mechanism.

AUTHORS:
Richard E Rosch, Michael Farquhar, Paul Gringras, Deb K Pal

ABSTRACT:
Narcolepsy with cataplexy is a rare, but important differential diagnosis for daytime sleepiness and atonic paroxysms in an adolescent. A recent increase in incidence in the pediatric age group probably linked to the use of the Pandemrix influenza vaccine in 2009, has increased awareness that different environmental factors can "trigger" narcolepsy with cataplexy in a genetically susceptible population. Here, we describe the case of a 13-year-old boy with narcolepsy following yellow fever vaccination. He carries the HLA DQB1*0602 haplotype strongly associated with narcolepsy and cataplexy. Polysomnography showed rapid sleep onset with rapid eye movement (REM) latency of 47?min, significant sleep fragmentation and a mean sleep latency of 1.6?min with sleep onset REM in four out of four nap periods. Together with the clinical history, these findings are diagnostic of narcolepsy type 1. The envelope protein E of the yellow fever vaccine strain 17D has significant amino acid sequence overlap with both hypocretin and the hypocretin receptor 2 receptors in protein regions that are predicted to act as epitopes for antibody production. These findings raise the question whether the yellow fever vaccine strain may, through a potential molecular mimicry mechanism, be another infectious trigger for this neuro-immunological disorder.


TITLE:
Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) with anti-NMDA receptor antibodies after human papillomavirus vaccination.

ABSTRACT:
We describe a young woman who developed POTS with positive serum anti-NMDA receptor antibodies and no evidence of encephalitis after vaccination with HPV vaccine, Cervarix. Her symptoms improved significantly with immunomodulatory therapy and re-occurred after immunomodulatory therapy was stopped, suggesting an autoimmune etiology of POTS after vaccination.


TITLE:
Increased organic mercury exposure from Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccines could lead to an increased risk of obesity diagnosis.

AUTHORS:
David A Geier, Janet K Kern, Kristin G Homme, Lisa K Sykes, Mark R Geier

ABSTRACT:
Obesity among children and adolescents in the United States has tripled since 1980, and has become a major public health concern.


TITLE:
There are conditions under which vaccination against dengue can significantly increase the Zika outbreak peaks.

ABSTRACT:
Zika virus co-circulates with dengue in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Cases of co-infection by dengue and Zika have been reported, the implication of this co-infection for an integrated intervention program for controlling both dengue and Zika must be addressed urgently. Here, we formulate a mathematical model to describe the transmission dynamics of co-infection of dengue and Zika with particular focus on the effects of Zika outbreak by vaccination against dengue among human hosts. Our analysis determines specific conditions under which vaccination against dengue can significantly increase the Zika outbreak peak, and speed up the Zika outbreak peak timing. Our results call for further study about the co-infection to direct an integrated control to balance the benefits for dengue control and the damages of Zika outbreak.


TITLE:
This study found an increased ASD risk among children whose mothers received an influenza vaccination in their first trimester.

AUTHORS:
Ousseny Zerbo, Yinge Qian, Cathleen Yoshida, Bruce H Fireman, Nicola P Klein, Lisa A Croen

ABSTRACT:
Maternal infections and fever during pregnancy are associated with increased risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). To our knowledge, no study has investigated the association between influenza vaccination during pregnancy and ASD.


TITLE:
Alhydrogel injected at low dose in mouse muscle may selectively induce long-term Al cerebral accumulation and neurotoxic effects.

AUTHORS:
Guillemette CrÃ©peaux, Housam Eidi, Marie-Odile David, Yasmine Baba-Amer, Eleni Tzavara, Bruno Giros, FranÃ§ois-JÃ©rÃ´me Authier, Christopher Exley, Christopher A Shaw, Josette Cadusseau, Romain Kroum Gherardi


ABSTRACT:
BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have dramatically improved the long-term outcomes of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Notably, approximately half of patients with a sustained deep molecular response experienced treatment free remission (TFR) even after discontinuation of TKI. Although antitumor immunity by natural killer (NK) cells might contribute to the effects of TKI and TFR in CML, the details of their actions have not as yet been elucidated. Recently, several reports have raised the possibility that the killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR), a highly polymorphic NK cell receptor, may play important roles, because polymorphic patterns of KIR were shown to be associated with the intensity of clinical responses and outcomes in TKI-treated CML patients. Herein, we summarize genetic and immunological aspects of KIR, and also discuss the association between KIR and CML. If KIR polymorphism is actually associated with the outcomes of TKI-treated CML patients, we might be able to obtain prognostic information for patients and assess the possibility of TFR, which would not only benefit patients, but also provide a platform for improving the outcomes of other hematologic malignancies utilizing NK cell immunity.


TITLE:
A low measles vaccine efficacy rate may explain the less-than-expected gains attributable to vaccination.

AUTHORS:
Robert J Ledogar, John Fleming, Neil Andersson


TITLE:
We concluded that there is no credible evidence that vaccination of healthy people under the age of 60, who are healthcare workers caring for the elderly, affects influenza complications in those cared for.

AUTHORS:
RE Thomas, Tom Jefferson, Vittorio Demicheli, D Rivetti


TITLE:
Pneumococcal vaccines are ineffective in children with a history of recurrent acute ear infections - Article 2.

AUTHORS:
Muriel ] P van Kempen, Judith S Vermeiren, Mario Vaneechoutte, Geert Claeys, Reinier H Weenhoven, Ger T Rijkers, Elisabeth A M Sanders, Ingeborg J Dhooge


# CATEGORY

CATEGORY_ID:
Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE)


CATEGORY_ID:
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity


CATEGORY_ID:
Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA)


CATEGORY_ID:
Chicken Pox (Varicella) Shingles (Herpes Zoster) Connection


CATEGORY_ID:
Non-polio acute flaccid paralysis (NPAFP)


CATEGORY_ID:
Tumor Necrosis Factor-a (TNFa) Inhibitor


CATEGORY_ID:
Tumor Necrosis Factor-a (TNFa) up-regulation


CATEGORY_ID:
Undernourishment And Susceptibility To Infectious Disease


# PAPER_CATEGORY

CATEGORY_ID:
Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE)


CATEGORY_ID:
Tumor Necrosis Factor-a (TNFa) Inhibitor


CATEGORY_ID:
Undernourishment And Susceptibility To Infectious Disease


CATEGORY_ID:
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity


CATEGORY_ID:
Chicken Pox (Varicella) Shingles (Herpes Zoster) Connection


CATEGORY_ID:
Non-polio acute flaccid paralysis (NPAFP)


CATEGORY_ID:
Tumor Necrosis Factor-a (TNFa) up-regulation


CATEGORY_ID:
Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA)


# CATEGORY_REF

CATEGORY_ID:
Non-polio acute flaccid paralysis (NPAFP)


CATEGORY_ID:
Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE)


CATEGORY_ID:
Tumor Necrosis Factor-a (TNFa) up-regulation


CATEGORY_ID:
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity


CATEGORY_ID:
Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA)


CATEGORY_ID:
Undernourishment And Susceptibility To Infectious Disease


CATEGORY_ID:
Chicken Pox (Varicella) Shingles (Herpes Zoster) Connection


CATEGORY_ID:
Tumor Necrosis Factor-a (TNFa) Inhibitor


